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''Critica Botanica'' ("Critique of botany", Leiden, July, 1737) was written by Swedish botanist, physician, zoologist and naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). The book was published in Germany when Linnaeus was twenty-nine with a discursus by the botanist Johannes Browallius (1707–1755), bishop of Åbo. The first and only edition was published in July 1737 under the full title ''Critica botanica in qua nomina plantarum generica, specifica & variantia examini subjiciuntur, selectoria confirmantur, indigna rejiciuntur; simulque doctrina circa denominationem plantarum traditur. Seu Fundamentorum botanicorum pars IV Accedit Johannis Browallii De necessitate historiae naturalis discursus''.〔(Full view and pdf download )〕 Linnaeus’s principles of botanical nomenclature were first expounded in ''Fundamenta Botanica'' ("Foundations of botany") of 1736 chapters VII to X which contained the aphorisms (principles) 210 to 324 that outlined the rules for the acceptance and formation of names. These were later elaborated, with numerous examples, in his ''Critica Botanica'' of 1737. The practical application of these rules was soon seen in subsequent publications such as ''Flora Lapponica'' ("Flora of Lapland", 1737), ''Hortus Cliffortianus'' ("In honour of Clifford's garden", 1738), and ''Flora Svecica'' ("Flora of Sweden", 1746). Together the ''Fundamenta'' and ''Critica'' summarised Linnaeus's thoughts on plant nomenclature and classification which he later revised and elaborated in his ''Philosophia Botanica'' of 1751. In the ''Critica'' Linnaeus presented a series of rules which guided him in his own publications, established standards of procedure for his followers, and led him to discard on a grand scale the names used by his predecessors. Many of his canons have long since been disregarded, but they ensured that modern botanical nomenclature at least began with a series of well-formed, euphonious and convenient names.〔Stearn 1983, pp. 283–286.〕 ==Binomial nomenclature== (詳細はInternational Code of Botanical Nomenclature the starting point for the scientific names of plants effectively dates back to the list of species enumerated in Linnaeus’s ''Species Plantarum'', ed. 1, published 1 May 1753.〔Sprague, p. 41〕 The ''Species Plantarum'' was, for European scientists, a comprehensive global Flora for its day, and by the 10th edition had reached over 3000 species.〔 Linnaeus had learned plant names as short descriptive phrases (polynomials) known as ''nomina specifica''. Each time a new species was described the diagnostic phrase-names had to be adjusted, and lists of names, especially those including synonyms (alternative names for the same plant) became extremely unwieldy. Linnaeus’s solution was to associate with the generic name an additional single word, what he termed the ''nomen triviale'', to designate a species. Linnaeus emphasized that this was simply a matter of convenience, it was not to replace the diagnostic ''nomen specificum''. But over time the ''nomen triviale'' became the “real” name and the ''nomen specificum'' became the Latin “diagnosis” that must, according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, accompany the description of all new plant species: it was that part of the plant description distinguishing that particular species from all others.〔 Linnaeus did not invent the binomial system but he was the person who provided the theoretical framework that lead to its universal acceptance. The second word of the binomial, the ''nomen triviale'' as Linnaeus called it, is now known as the ''specific epithet'' and the two words, the ''generic name'' and ''specific epithet'' together make up the ''species name''.〔Lawrence, George H.M. 1951. ''Taxonomy of Vascular Plants''. New York: Macmillan. p. 194.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Critica Botanica」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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